A Brief Note On Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Essay - 1694 Words

Report - Diabetes Type 2 : Report Type-2 diabetes is a long term endurance disorder, when your cells have become insulin resistant or your body doesn’t produce enough insulin to keep you healthy. Type-2 diabetes is a major issue in New Zealand, since diabetes is our biggest and quickest developing health issue we confront in New Zealand, and covers  ¼ of the population in New Zealand. In this report, I will be explaining the information I have found and affirm the questions, â€Å"Why is Type-2 diabetes a problem in our community? What is the science behind Type-2 diabetes? As well as, Does healthy dieting and enough exercise decrease the danger of getting type 2 diabetes?† These questions will be explained distinctively within detail, and follow that on with my perspective based on the topic. Type-two diabetes is a major issue in New Zealand which needs to be prevented, cut loose. In fact, diabetes is the fourth most deadly disease affecting people in the world. Research said over 225,000 people in New Zealand have been caught with Type 2 Diabetes. In 1996 about 81,000 people in New Zealand were known to have Type 2 diabetes. By 2011, these numbers are going to increase to over 156,000 people in New Zealand affected by this epidemic. Also, my research located me that over 2’500 New Zealanders a year alone die of this chronic disease. New Zealand has a large number of fast-food restaurants, and a bunch of people are obese, diabetic, and don’t know they are. Research said thatShow MoreRelatedA Brief Note On Type 2 Diabetes And Obesity1493 Words   |  6 PagesMy Report is about, Type 2 Diabetes. I’ll be giving a short summary about what is type 2 diabetes and i will be giving others perspective and also my own. Im going to tell you the symptoms of type 2 diabetes .I’m going to show the three resources that I used. My main research question I’m doing is what is the relationship between Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity? Also I’m researching on 2 other questions, what is the biology (science) behind Type-2 diabetes? And why is Type-2 diabetes an issue in our communityRead MoreA Brief Note On The Major Micro Vascular Complication Of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus1685 Words   |  7 PagesBackground: Diabetic nephropathy is the major micro-vascular complication of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and is the main cause for end-stage kidney disease. In view of metabolic derangements of T2DM, we went further to investigate the role played by oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), toll like receptor 4 (TLR4), lipocalin-2 (LCN2), and omentin-1 in DN. Patients and methods: 15 normo-albuminuria T2DM, 15 micro-albuminuria T2DM and 15 macro-albuminuria T2DM in addition to 15 healthy volunteerRead MoreDiabetic Patients Should Be E ducated About Diagnosis Of The Disease ( Powers )1730 Words   |  7 Pagesanalysis of existing scientific literature, the following ADA’s recommendations advised for all diabetic patients type 2—all patients should be educated about diagnosis of the disease (Powers, et. al, 2015). All treatment plans for diabetic patients should include education for nutrition therapy and physical. Other important education topics should be covered with individuals with diabetes type two are psychological concerns, behavior change strategies (e.g., self-directed goal setting), taking medicationsRead MoreA Survey of Diabetics in San Diego1878 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION The entire concept of diabetes is about living on the edge of trouble. While Type 1 Diabetes is a biological condition associated with a fundamental flaw in the way ones body produces or reacts to insulin a substance that controls and monitors sugar in the blood and cells Type 2 Diabetes is a social and cultural condition. Those most likely groups of people to have to live with it are persons of non-white nationalities (increasingly Hispanics and Asians) who live at or below the USRead MoreA Brief Note On The Current Evidence Based Practices1891 Words   |  8 PagesDiabetes in Dentistry: a review of the current evidence based practices Introduction Diabetes is one of the most common conditions that dental clinicians may come across in their patients. According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare 4% of Australians have diabetes, that is around 999,000 people or 1 in 25 people who you would treat in the dental practice(http://www.aihw.gov.au/diabetes/). Furthermore an estimated 280 Australians develop diabetes every day with it being the fastestRead MoreA Life Course Approach For Injury Prevention892 Words   |  4 Pagesprevious injury prevention concepts were narrow in their focus, only focusing on the â€Å"host,† â€Å"vehicle† or â€Å"environment.† By integrating life course and ecological theories the scope is expanded through the theories core principles. The following is a brief outline of the core principles of life course and ecological theory respectively. Life Course Approach Dr. Glen Elder, the major contributor to the life course approach, developed the core principles of the theory after analyzing the data from hisRead MoreBenefits Of Physical Training Patients With Diabetes And Chronic Kidney Disease2469 Words   |  10 PagesBENEFIT OF PHYSICAL TRAINING IN PATIENTS WITH DIABETES AND CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE. Yetunde M. Fajulugbe Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University Dayton OH. Keywords: Diabetes, Chronic Kidney Disease, Physical Training, Abstract: Introduction Diabetes occur when there is a combination of inadequate secretion of insulin by the pancreatic beta cells and the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance leads to a reducedRead MoreThe Cardiovascular System Of Atherosclerosis3729 Words   |  15 Pagesplaque in the arteries, namely the coronary arteries. This occurs when cholesterol, cellular waste, and other types of substances combine to form plaque (Silverthorn, Ober, Garrison, Silverthorn, Johnson, 2007). When plaque buildup, or atherosclerosis, forms in the arteries, blood has a tougher time traveling to and from the heart. The development of atherosclerosis is based on two types of plaques: vulnerable and stable plaques. Vulnerable plaques contain thin fibrous caps; therefore, they haveRead MoreAtkins or fadkins Essay1252 Words   |  6 Pagesenergy -best for the brain and nerve tissues -there are simple and complex carbohydrate c. Fats- type of lipid and usually come from animals. Sources can be lard and butter. Fats are: -needed for vitamin absorption -creating cell lipids and steroids. -excess energy is stored as fat in the human body 2. Janine made this statement: â€Å"... if your brain doesnt get carbs- well, glucose, anyway- you get really cranky. You have to

Reading Comprehension And The Key Pillars Of Reading...

Reading comprehension is the ability to read the text, process what you just read and then be able to understand what you read well enough to explain it to a fellow peer clearly and precisely. Reading comprehension is a link in the chain that is the five pillars of reading instruction. The first pillar being phonemes, second is phonics, third and fourth is fluency and vocabulary and finally the fifth is comprehension. It’s the caboose of the pillars you might say. While all of the pillars are vital to the ability to read I’ve witnessed many children able to read efficiently and fluently, but not able to explain what they just read. Those children did not suffer from ADHD, and if some of them struggled with comprehension it makes you assume that kids with diagnosed ADHD will most likely have an even harder time. According to Kaprea Johnson, â€Å"The ability to read and comprehend is a major milestone in a child’s life and has long standing effects throughout the lifespan† (Johnson, 2013, p. 98). With that being said, the importance of reading comprehension is pretty clear. In the experiment to test whether or not ADHD has any affect on reading comprehension Johnson (2013) included 129 elementary students ranging from third through sixth grade. The students were analyzed through some comprehension tests that measured their ability to read and then understand what it was that they were reading. Then the variables such as hyperactivity, conduct problems and peer problems wereShow MoreRelatedImproving A Sound Literacy Curriculum861 Words   |  4 Pagessound literacy curriculum could be jeopardized by the delivery of instruction (Bean, 2011). 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An ELL is a student who is served in a program of language assistance such as an English as a Second Language Program (ESL; U.S. Department of Education, 2014). ELL identificationRead MoreHow The Sound Of A Word Affects How We Read And Categorize1140 Words   |  5 Pagesthe sound of a word affects how we read and categorize. By knowing how homophobic words can play a role in our comprehension and how one learns to read. By using the dual-access theory and analyzing the theories of phonological mediation and direct access to gain insight on the way one understands words and homophone relations. The article â€Å"A ROWS is a ROSE: Spelling, sound, and reading† Van Orden researches the effects of stimulus word phonology. This study was design to find out whether when aRead MoreConsiderations For Effective Use Of Technology Essay1538 Words   |  7 Pagesdeveloping skills to communicate and work collaboratively, and to be innovators with focus on fostering creativity. 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Outcomes demonstrated that students can be effective in taking in the content regardless of which strategy was utilized to pass on the content. In any case, thereRead MoreOral Language and Reading Comprehension3534 Words   |  15 PagesIntroduction: This paper is intentionally made to show the comparison between oral language and reading comprehension. Oral language and reading comprehension are both essential to every individual. All of us had undergone oral language when we are still young and as it develops and as we grow and mature, it enables us to be more knowledgeable and prepares us to a more needed comprehension in reading. This two are significant and are interrelated to each other. As a parent, talking to the childRead MoreVocabulary Strategies For Teachers And Parents5588 Words   |  23 PagesVocabulary is one of the core components of reading instruction that is essential to successfully teaching children how to read. 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In addition, the syllabus conforms to UNESCO’s Pillars of Learning and aims to promote varied approaches to learning, and the personal growth, decision-making capabilities of students. The EDPM syllabus will provide a holistic approach to acquisition of knowledge and the development of candidates’ decision-making

Cybersecurity and Impact on Data Protection †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Cybersecurity and Impact on Data Protection. Answer: Introduction On 27th June 2017, a global cyber attack called Petya affected a wide range of organization sectors like media, telecom, transportation, power. Petya it also known as Petwrap, NotPetya, Petna, Golden eye. The main intention behind this is to encrypt the computers and demand a ransom. This ransomware is similar to wannacry ransomware attack that took place in May 2017(Akkas, Chachamis Fetahu, 2017). This ransomware affected the countries like United States, Netherland, France, India, Spain and Russia and Ukraine. Ukraine is mainly affected as it uses auto update feature of a software name M.E.Doc which is used for tax calculation of any firm working in this country. It also affected the security system of banks, energy companies, and government agencies (Batcheller et al., 2017). Certain preventive measure has been taken by organization to reduce risk of malware. Each organization should have a security awareness-training program for their employees to minimize the effect of ransomware (Choi, Scott LeClair, 2016). On the 27th June 2017 Petya ransomware came into action by encrypting computers from all across the globe. Petya is also known as Petwrap, Notpetya and GoldenEye in some of the countries. Petya mainly affected certain sectors like financial services, telecom and government agencies (Batcheller et al., 2017). Among all the countries from the globe Ukraine has been affected the most. It has got the hardest hit among all the nation due to the use of an auto update feature of M.E.Doc software. This particular software is mainly used for tax calculation of various firms operating in Ukraine (Choi, Scott LeClair, 2016). This attack mainly affected the banks, government agencies, media outlets operating in Ukraine. On comparison to wannacry ransomware petya has a less impact on the various systems. Petya has several windows hacking tools like PsExec and WMIC which is used to gather important information from the infected system(Akkas, Chachamis Fetahu, 2017). When a system is affected by Petya malware then it does not boot to windows, instead of that it shows a message with content that the user files are no longer accessible as they have been encrypted and nobody can recover the files until and unless ransom is provided to them. (Ivanova, 2017). How and why it occurred It is a second cyber attack after WannaCry breakout in May 2017. It has some characteristic similar to wannacry ransomware. Petya use more sophisticated method than wannacry ransomware (Batcheller et al., 2017). Petya used some windows administration tools like PsExec and WMIC for its impact on the various people of the world. This attack was mainly used to permanently encrypt all the data on an infected system. The malware was designed in such way that even if the victim pays the ransom, the data cannot be decrypt and recovered (Choi, Scott LeClair, 2016). Petya attack was mainly generated to maximize destruction on targeted organization of various nation. Some report from international organization suggested that this cyber attack is not initiated to gain money (Rosenberg et al., 2017). When a system is affected by Petya then the system does not boot up to Windows instead of it shows a highlighted box with message of encryption. The message tells the system user that the required files are more accessible and nobody can recover important files without decryption service. Petya malware came into action with the help of updating softwares. Pushing emails are also used for this attack. The malware not only affected files but it also encrypted the hard drives MBR and MFT. Petya took place due to the lack of cyber threats and breach awareness among the various organization of the world. Employee of various organization have good knowledge on various cyber security practices and use of third party softwares. Organization do not have any cyber security program, doing such program will help the employee as it will create awareness among them (Laszka, Farhang Grossklags 2017). Possible Solution A new file name vaccine is mainly used by researchers to stop the attack of this malware. Vaccine file is mainly placed in Windows directory which has a moderate success in stopping the execution of this malware. Malware and most of its components need administration right to run in any system, so organization must check the privileged access policies in their systems(Rosenberg et al., 2017). Every organization should have a security awareness program to educate their employees about various cyber attacks. Organization should have a tested backup and speedy recovery option for important information in their drive. Organization should check various system and data on the network. They must confirm that systems must be connected to internet only it is necessary. Security program and penetration test must be conducted across the various organizations of the world to minimize cyber attacks. Certain plans like effective enterprise and business continuity must be followed by organization t o measure effectiveness against ransomware and other attacks (Shackelford, 2017). From the above discussion it can be concluded that organization should create cyber security awareness among the employees. Petya attack took place due to an auto update feature of a software name M.E.Doc (Akkas, Chachamis Fetahu, 2017). A file named vaccine is developed by researchers to stop the attack of this malware. Cyber attack like Petya is not motivated to have financial gain instead of that it mainly focuses on bringing destruction to some specified organization (Rosenberg et al., 2017). Security awareness training programs must be conducted in every organization to create an awareness of various cyber attacks. Cyber security in different organization must be improved in order to cut the effects of various malwares (Zhukov, 2013). On 12 may 2017, a ransomware attack took place across a wide range of sectors ranging from health care to telecommunications (Martin, Kinross Hankin, 2017). A report stated that wannacry affected around 300,000 systems from 150 countries. Countries like Russia and China are affected mostly because of usage of high percentage of legacy softwares (Asch, Mattock Hosek, 2013). To minimize the effect of this ransomware certain kill switch technique was launched. Wannacry is a type of ransomware which mainly encrypts files, disk and locks systems (Martin, Kinross Hankin, 2017). A ransom of around 300 to 600 has been demanded in three bitcoin accounts against decrypting of files (Ehrenfeld, 2017). On 12 May 2017 a ransomware attack took place across a wide range of sectors like health care, government, telecommunication and gas. A report confirmed that it affected around 300,000 system from 150 countries. Countries like Russia and China are mostly affected due to high usage of legacy software (Ehrenfeld, 2017). The attackers initial attacked vectors . Then the malware named Wannacry encrypts the files present in the victims system and after that a ransom equating to 300 to 600 dollars has been demanded in bitcoins. Microsoft deserve some blame for poor windows security which resulted in Wannacry ransomware attack. The main problem that most of the system across the globe that has windows operating systems either they do not have automatic updates enabled or are so backdated that they cannot have security updates provided by Microsoft (Kuner et al ., 2017). Initially the attackers choose phishing emails as the mode of delivery of this malware. Wannacry attack took place across a wide range of sectors like health care, government, telecommunication and gas. A report confirmed that it affected around 300,000 system from 150 countries. Countries like Russia and China are mostly affected due to high usage of legacy software(Young Yung, 2017). In India Wannacry has effect like it hacked computers of Andhra Pradesh police department(Mohurle Patil, 2017). Chinas official agency Xinhua reported that many secondary schools and universities were affected due to this ransomware (Vuolo, 2017). Wannacry was developed using a piece of NSA code released by a group of hackers known as Shadow Brokers. The system infected are mostly found to be out of date (Rubin et al., 2016). In the beginning phishing emails are chosen as the mode of delivery of this malware. Attackers also used public accessible message block to spread the malware in a worm like way across the various system of the world. As soon as the infection starts the wannacry comes out with kill switch URL in order to check whether the malware is in sandbox environment or not (Mohurle Patil,2017). If the URL does not respond back then the malware starts to encrypt the victims file present in the system by using a method known as AES-128 cipher. After the encryption of victims file a ransom note is generated on the victims machine. The ransom note is made in text from library using rich text format (RTF) in multiple languages. The language of the note depends on machine location. When a system is affected by Wannacry ransomware malware then it typically affects the central information system for its activation. After that encryption of files takes place on the desired system with the help of infor mation from central information system (Ehrenfeld, 2017). After the successful encryption of files a ransom message is displayed on the system to decrypt the files. It continuously scans the internet IP in order to infect other systems (Martin, Kinross Hankin, 2017). Attacks like wannacry ransom can be prevented by using certain measures like backing up of network drives and care should be taken that all the important information are backed up by the employees (Sutherland et al,.2016). Phishing awareness must be generated among various employees of organization to avoid clicking on mails from unknown source (Mohurle Patil,2017). Organization should invest capital in right technologies so that ransomware can be detected easily(Asch, Mattock Hosek, 2013). Use of spam filters must be increased so that all incoming and outgoing e-mails can be detected easily (Kuner et al ., 2017). Antivirus must be updated to detect and prevent the systems from malware. The use of cloud services will prevent ransomware infection on various systems. Organization should frequently check the various system and data on the network (Mohurle Patil, 2017). They must ensure that systems are connected to internet only when it is necessary(Rubin et al., 2016). Conclusion From the above discussion it can be concluded that organization should create cyber security awareness among the employees. Wannacry ransomware attack took place on 12 May 2017 (Young Yung, 2017). A mechanism known as kill switch has been developed by researchers to stop the attack of this malware. As soon as the infection starts in the system then wannacry comes out with kill switch URL in order to check whether the malware is in sandbox environment or not(Asch, Mattock Hosek, 2013). If the URL does not respond back then the malware starts to encrypt the victims file present in the system by using a method known as AES-128 cipher (Kuner et al ., 2017). Security awareness training programs must be conducted in every organization to create an awareness of various cyber attacks. Cyber security in different organization must be improved in order to cut the effects of various malware (Vuolo, 2017). References Akkas, A., Chachamis, C. N., Fetahu, L. (2017). Malware Analysis of WanaCry Ransomware. Batcheller, A., Fowler, S. C., Cunningham, R., Doyle, D., Jaeger, T., Lindqvist, U. (2017). Building on the Success of Building Security In.IEEE Security Privacy,15(4), 85-87. Choi, K. S., Scott, T. M., LeClair, D. P. (2016). Ransomware against police: diagnosis of risk factors via application of cyber-routine activities theory.International Journal of Forensic Science Pathology. Ivanova, T. P. (2017). Studying the impacts of event tourism on the host communities in Bulgaria. Laszka, A., Farhang, S., Grossklags, J. (2017). On the Economics of Ransomware.arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.06247. Rosenberg, I., Shabtai, A., Rokach, L., Elovici, Y. (2017). Generic Black-Box End-to-End Attack against RNNs and Other API Calls Based Malware Classifiers.arXiv preprint arXiv:1707.05970. Shackelford, S. (2017). Exploring the Shared Responsibilityof Cyber Peace: Should Cybersecurity Be a Human Right?. Zhukov, I., Dmitry, M., Andrey, S., Dmitry, K., Anastasia, T., Alexander, Z. (2013). Security Software Green Head for Mobile Devices Providing Comprehensive Protection from Malware and Illegal Activities of Cyber Criminals.International Journal of Computer Network and Information Security,5(5), 1. Asch, B. J., Mattock, M. G., Hosek, J. (2013).A new tool for assessing workforce management policies over time. Rand Corporation. Ehrenfeld, J. M. (2017). WannaCry, Cybersecurity and Health Information Technology: A Time to Act.Journal of Medical Systems,41(7), 104. Kuner, C., Svantesson, D. J. B., H Cate, F., Lynskey, O., Millard, C. (2017). The rise of cybersecurity and its impact on data protection.International Data Privacy Law,7(2), 73-75. Martin, G., Kinross, J., Hankin, C. (2017). Effective cybersecurity is fundamental to patient safety. Mohurle, S., Patil, M. (2017). A brief study of Wannacry Threat: Ransomware Attack 2017.International Journal,8(5). Rubin, J., Taylor, J., Krapels, J., Sutherland, A., Felician, M., Liu, J., ... Rohr, C. (2016). Testing the Connection Between Social Spending and Better Health. Sutherland, J., Taylor, J., Krapels, J., Rubin , A., Felician, M., Liu, J., ... Rohr, C. (2016). Testing the Connection Between Social Spending and Better Health. Vuolo, J. (2017). Should we be using water filled gloves under the heel to prevent pressure ulcers?.benefits,10, 32. Young, A. L., Yung, M. (2017). Cryptovirology: The birth, neglect, and explosion of ransomware.Communications of the ACM,60(7), 24-26.

Legal Prostitution Vs. Illegal Prostitution Essays - Sex Industry

Legal Prostitution Vs. Illegal Prostitution Johnny Johnson Logic Legal Prostitution vs. Illegal Prostitution Johnny Johnson It is rather odd to think of how the oldest profession is being found as something of a harmful nature, which must be illegal. But legal prostitution is seen by a rather large number of individuals to have a negative effect on today's society. These are the people who are forcing women into illegal prostitution, which is far more destructive, due to many factors. In the following paragraphs, I am going to compare and contrast legal and illegal prostitution, in hope of sharing the possible benefits of legal prostitution. It is important I first discuss the negative effects of illegal prostitution to help the viewer have a better perspective of how legal prostitution can actually have a positive impact on society. Illegal prostitution is a common occurrence in most big cities. The major problem with non-legal prostitution is where it usually occurs. Prostitution is often found in the slums of big cities, where many of the young women feel forced into the profession because of hard economic conditions. A large percentage of the women are sadly hooked on drugs and end up trading sex to get high. If the poverty and the drug life are not bad enough, the women also get to look forward to their pimp, who will abuse them if they don't return with a suffice amount of money. The knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases is of extreme importance when it comes to such a topic. The sexual activities taking place in these areas are not regulated and although a good number of the women carry condoms, they are by no means protected. Many of the ladies will except extra money to allow the customers to have sex condom free. Rape is a harsh and brutal act, which is a common occurrence in street prostitution, where the women have no protection from either the man or the diseases he might be carrying. The women are also a danger to the men by carrying diseases they have possibly picked up from prior customers. Prostitutes get arrested quite often, but are let out to be an illegal prostitute for another day. Illegal prostitution is a major problem needing some sort of remedy. It is time to discuss the reasoning behind why legal prostitution is the needed remedy to this particular problem. Legal prostitution is being practiced in many other countries as well as a small area of our own country. In Nevada there are places set up to provide legally solicited sex, which are known as brothels. Brothels are the major difference between illegal and legal prostitution. Brothels handle prostitution in a business-like manner. The women are the merchandise brothels have to offer. Like any other type of business the merchandise is protected. Bodyguards are hired to watch over the women and react if any problems take place. The women also have better protection through strict enforcement of condom use and the ladies are tested for venereal diseases as well. As far as drug problems go, brothels do not provide the same kind environment where sex can be traded for drugs. Not to say all the women in legal prostitution are drug free, but it is far less of a problem. The ladies happen to have better living conditions than a streetwalker does. They make actual lives aside from the profession they take part in. These women, for the most part, live in nice homes and lead healthy lives. They have been given a chance to make enough money to pull themselves out of their poverty stricken neighborhoods. It must be kept in mind, most of the women do not want to be prostitutes, but feel they are forced into it because of their poor economic conditions. It is important to touch on the whole idea of how this affects today's society. Numerous amounts of people believe legal prostitution is wrong, but they might not understand how their belief is forcing women into illegal prostitution. In San Francisco, illegal prostitution is a major problem for the authorities. Many of the officers believe there should be a legal form of prostitution. Their reasoning behind this belief is that the women will be in a safer environment where there is far less drug problems and the police will not have the constant burden of arresting females who are going to continue to do what they are doing, regardless of police actions. Sexually transmitted diseases are a major concern for the women as well

How to Style Legislative Terms

How to Style Legislative Terms How to Style Legislative Terms How to Style Legislative Terms By Mark Nichol Capitalization style for words and phrases related to legislation and international agreements is fairly straightforward, but here are some notes about treatment: Constitutions The phrase â€Å"US Constitution† (or â€Å"United States Constitution,† though the form with initials alone is sufficient) should be capitalized as such, as should names of state constitutions (â€Å"the California Constitution,† for example), but the word on its own is lowercased even as a subsequent reference to a specific document. The same is true of a word for components of a constitution, such as article. Names of specific amendments to the US Constitution are capitalized, but whether words or numerals are used to indicate them is contingent on which authority is used: The Chicago Manual of Style, the style manual of record for book publishers, calls for generally spelling out numbers up to one hundred, but the Associated Press Stylebook, which prescribes style for newspapers (some magazines and many Web sites adhere to it as well), uses numerals for 10 and up. So, write â€Å"Thirteenth Amendment† or â€Å"13th Amendment† according to the style your self-selected or externally appointed style guide recommends. Proposed amendments to the Constitution are often identified by their chief proponent (for example, â€Å"the Bricker Amendment†) or their aims (â€Å"the Equal Rights Amendment,† though some people argue that because there is no such amendment, only a movement to pass one, it should not be validated with capitalization). Bills and Acts A proposal for a new law enacted by the US Congress is offered as a bill. A bill proposed in the House of Representatives is given the body’s initials and a number (HR 99), followed by the name of the bill; a Senate is identified similarly (S 13). (As with US and other abbreviations, the initials are often followed by periods, but this style is unnecessary.) This style isn’t exactly mirrored in state and local legislation; for example, in the California Assembly, the local equivalent of the House of Representatives, a bill is abbreviated AB (for â€Å"Assembly Bill.†) If passed, the bill becomes an act, such as the Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell Repeal Act of 2010. (Note that the year of enactment is often but not always part of the official name of the act.) In generic usage, even to a specific act, the word act is lowercased, though many legislative bodies and associated publications capitalize it when it refers to a specific act, as in â€Å"The Act would reverse a long-standing military policy that discriminates against gay service personnel.† Many other names for legislation exist, including code, ordinance, and statute. These words are capitalized as part of the name of a body of laws, such as â€Å"Civil Code† or â€Å"Municipal Code,† but are otherwise lowercased. Treaties and Such Nomenclature for treaties includes formal and informal styles. For example, one notable example’s formal name is the Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty, but the treaty associated with the Strategic Arms Limitation Talks is informally called the SALT treaty (with treaty lowercased because that is not the official name). A similar international understanding is referred to as an agreement, as in â€Å"the Sykes-Picot Agreement.† Then there is an armistice, which is merely a cessation of hostilities that may or may not be followed by a peace treaty. Many notable armistices have occurred, requiring specific nomenclature such as â€Å"the Korean War Armistice Agreement,† but the default event, that formalizing the end of World War I, is referred to simply as â€Å"the Armistice.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Style category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Possessive of Proper Names Ending in SWhat is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?

Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention - 1848

Seneca Falls Women's Rights Convention - 1848 The roots of the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention, the first womens rights convention in history, go back to 1840, when Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton were attending the Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London as delegates, as were their husbands. The credentials committee ruled that women were constitutionally unfit for public and business meetings. After a vigorous debate on the role of women at the convention, the women were relegated to a segregated womens section which was separated from the main floor by a curtain; the men were permitted to speak, the women were not. Elizabeth Cady Stanton later credited conversations held with Lucretia Mott in that segregated womens section for the idea of holding a mass meeting to address the rights of women. William Lloyd Garrison arrived after the debate about women speaking; in protest of the decision, he spent the convention in the womens section. Lucretia Mott came from a Quaker tradition in which women were able to speak in church; Elizabeth Cady Stanton had already asserted her sense of womens equality by refusing to have the word obey included in her marriage ceremony. Both were committed to the cause of abolition of slavery; their experience in working for freedom in one arena seemed to solidify their sense that full human rights must be extended to women, too. Becoming a Reality But it was not until an 1848 visit of Lucretia Mott with her sister, Martha Coffin Wright, during an annual Quaker convention, that the idea of a womens rights convention turned into plans, and Seneca Falls became a reality. The sisters met during that visit with three other women, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Mary Ann MClintock, and Jane C. Hunt, at the home of Jane Hunt. All were also interested in the anti-slavery issue, and slavery had just been abolished in Martinique and the Dutch West Indies. The women obtained a place to meet in the town of Seneca Falls and on July 14 put a notice in the paper about the upcoming meeting, publicizing it mainly in the upstate New York area: Womans Rights Convention A Convention to discuss the social, civil and religious condition and rights of woman, will be held in the Wesleyan Chapel, at Seneca Falls, N.Y., on Wednesday and Thursday, the 19th and 20th of July, current; commencing at 10 oclock, A.M. During the first day the meeting will be exclusively for women, who are earnestly invited to attend. The public generally are invited to be present on the second day, when Lucretia Mott of Philadelphia, and others, ladies and gentlemen will address the convention. Preparing the Document The five women worked to prepare an agenda and a document to be considered for passage at the Seneca Falls convention. James Mott, Lucretia Motts husband, would chair the meeting, as many would consider such a role for women to be unacceptable. Elizabeth Cady Stanton led the writing of a declaration, modeled after the Declaration of Independence. The organizers also prepared specific resolutions. When Elizabeth Cady Stanton advocated for including the right to vote among the proposed actions, the men threatened to boycott the event, and Stantons husband left town. The resolution on voting rights stayed in, though the women other than Elizabeth Cady Stanton were skeptical of its passage. First Day, July 19 At the first day of the Seneca Falls convention, with over 300 people in attendance, the participants discussed womens rights. Forty of the participants at Seneca Falls were men, and the women quickly made the decision to allow them to participate fully, asking them only to be silent on the first day which had been meant to be exclusively for women. The morning didnt begin auspiciously: when those who had organized the Seneca Falls event arrived at the meeting place, Wesleyan Chapel, they found that the door was locked, and none of them had a key. A nephew of Elizabeth Cady Stanton climbed in a window and opened the door. James Mott, who was supposed to chair the meeting (it still being considered too outrageous for a woman to do so), was too ill to attend. The first day of the Seneca Falls convention continued with a discussion of the prepared Declaration of Sentiments. Amendments were proposed and some were adopted. In the afternoon, Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton spoke, then more changes were made to the Declaration. The eleven resolutions including the one that Stanton had added late, proposing that women get the vote were debated. Decisions were put off until Day 2 so that men, too, could vote. In the evening session, open to the public, Lucretia Mott spoke. Second Day, July 20 On the second day of the Seneca Falls convention, James Mott, Lucretia Motts husband, presided. Ten of the eleven resolutions passed quickly. The resolution on voting, however, saw more opposition and resistance. Elizabeth Cady Stanton continued to defend that resolution, but its passage was in doubt until an ardent speech by ex-slave and newspaper owner, Frederick Douglass, on its behalf. The closing of the second day included readings of Blackstones Commentaries on the status of women and speeches by several including Frederick Douglass. A resolution offered by Lucretia Mott passed unanimously: The speedy success of our cause depends upon the zealous and untiring efforts of both men and women, for the overthrow of the monopoly of the pulpit, and for securing to women of equal participation with men in the various trades, professions, and commerce. The debate about mens signatures on the document was resolved by permitting men to sign, but below the womens signatures. Of about 300 people present, 100 signed the document. Amelia Bloomer was among those who did not; she had arrived late and had spent the day in the gallery because there were no seats left on the floor. Of the signatures, 68 were of women and 32 were of men. Reactions to the Convention The story of Seneca Falls wasnt over, however. Newspapers reacted with articles mocking the Seneca Falls convention, some printing the Declaration of Sentiments in its entirety because they thought it was ridiculous on its face. Even more liberal papers like that of Horace Greeley judged the demand to vote to be going too far. Some signers asked to have their names removed. Two weeks after the Seneca Falls convention, a few of the participants met again, in Rochester, New York. They resolved to continue the effort, and organize more conventions (though in the future, with women chairing the meetings). Lucy Stone was key in organizing a convention in 1850 in Rochester: the first to be publicized and conceptualized as a national womens rights convention. Two early sources for the Seneca Falls Womens Rights Convention are the contemporary account in Frederick Douglass Rochester newspaper, The North Star, and Matilda Joslyn Gages account, first published in 1879 as National Citizen and Ballot Box, later becoming part of A History of Woman Suffrage, edited by Gage, Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony (who was not at Seneca Falls; she did not become involved in womens rights until 1851).

Effective Team and Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Effective Team and Management - Essay Example One outstanding person who has shown this is Virgin Group founder, Richard Branson. This essay will evaluate the success and achievements of Richard Branson (as a case study) on leadership and teamwork in relation to the theoretical models that conceptualise leadership and at the end it will unfold in a much more practical way, those ways that an effective leadership can be achieved. To meet this objective, the essay will analyse critically leadership styles that Richard Branson deployed that heightened his performance in effectively coordinating the teams he had and comparing this to the existing theoretical conceptions. Richard Branson was born on 18th July, 1950 in England and later on started going to school of which he did not complete. His school life was a misery and at age 16, he stopped going to school, an event that saw his life change for what it is today. It was this drop-out that got him into business enterprises which begun from the sector of music but has since developed to a myriad other sectors. His mother Eve (flight attendant) and father (Edward Branson) struggled with him so much to help him in education as he had dyslexia disorder but these failed and at age 16 he drop out. This prompted him to found a youth magazine called â€Å"Student† which he ran for some time until 1969 when he thought of venturing in a record shop that could help support his magazine financially and in 1973, he launched Virgin Records. Branson continued to go in his business enterprises step by step and today the Virgin Records he launched in 1973 has grown expansively and it is now a group of companies that host over 200 companies in very many countries. It’s not only that one line of business that Branson owns but number of several other businesses across the economy that has escalated him financially to become a billionaire. Virgin Group is a

Toyota in the path of Globalisation Dissertation

Toyota in the path of Globalisation - Dissertation Example And those facts are giving huge competitive advantage to Toyota over its rival’s automobile manufacturer in domestic market as well as global market. Globalisation in today’s world is more effective than anything else in the world. Globalisation means doing business all over the world. Not only business means goods and services but also it is an exchange of cultures, thoughts, ideas and views of the people of one location with the people of other locations. As more and more organisations are following that path so business is getting more competitive in everyday. Several strategies were included in the production line of Toyota to be more effective on the way of globalisation and to be more competitive in world market. Company Overview In 1937 Toyota was founded. It is a manufacturer of automobiles, headquarter is in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. In 1957 Toyota entered into United States market at first. In last seventy six years it introduced itself in one hundred and seventy countries all over the globe. Most promising markets of Asia and developed markets of North America and Europe, Toyota made its presence. As export grown heavily firm made its production bases in several regions according to that regions demand. This policy is widely known as "producing vehicles where the demand exists" (toyota-global.com). Currently Toyota has fifty one manufacturing base in twenty six different locations of the world. Not only manufacturing units all over the globe, but also Toyota now have nine different research and development bases all over the globe and developing "from development and design to production, as well as sales and service, Toyota has now achieved consistent globalization and localization" (toyota-global.com). Q.1. Marketing Mix of Toyota: To make its business global Toyota had several hurdle in developing that system. First thing that come up in the process is assurance in quality. Toyota achieved that by introducing one statement in its manufac turing unit that is â€Å"no matter where Toyota vehicles are made, they must have the same high level of quality." This company does not put any ‘Made in USA’ or ’Made in Japan’ tag over its cars. They only put one statement in their vehicles, which is ‘Made by Toyota’. This is a ‘Toyota Way’ kind of promotion in its every product throughout the globe. They do not bring highly educated or qualified or skilled labours or employees for production but they trained their own manufacturing people by themselves to enhance their level of skill. Just for that reason Toyota in 2003 opened a Global Production Centre (GPC) in its Toyota city inside of its Motomachi Plant. In 2006 to increase its presence in Asia Pacific, Europe and North America Toyota opened more Global Production centre in United Kingdom, Thailand and United States. Below diagram is showing the Toyota’s research and development units and manufacturing units in sev eral locations of the world- Source: http://www.toyota-global.com/company/profile/in_the_world/ There are two major principles on which Toyota’s manufacturing process is depending on; they are continuity in improvement and proper respect and remuneration to its employees. The main slogan in Toyota’s manufacturing system is ‘making thing’ and that is followed by a most innovative and productive process that is "lean manufacturing system" or it can be called as "Just-in-Time (JIT) system†. Constant improvement system is followed in production units to achieve "making the vehicles ordered by customers in the quickest and most efficient way, in order to deliver

The Roman History Essay Example for Free

The Roman History Essay The history of Rome first century of Roman Empire is the time of toughening of emperor regime and strengthening of its authoritarian character. The indicated process, the most vivid external illustration was practice of political repressions, was stipulated by personal qualities of regents, and the very essence of principate regime. The scale and character of emperor terror in the 1st century is subject of discussions in the modern historiography, but doesn’t matter which point of view we have, it will not be a mistake to tell that its influence for Roman society was very great. The transformation from Republic to Empire event of revolution meaning for Roman history – wasn’t the same important for August’s contemporaries. Those advantages, which were the result of principate – civil peace, personal safety, economic goods – seemed to overshadow the new political changes (The End of the Roman Empire by Donald Kagan, p. 85). It took several dozens of years of Pax Augusti, where the political stability, which became a usual thing, partially lost status of absolute value for the Romans. The necessity to preserve Caesars power in the name of total safety was not so obvious for generation which grew during August government. Those who survived Tiberius repressions, madness of Caligula, petty tyranny of Neuron understood that the governmental regime of Rome experienced changes during August government and the very time of it starts to be understood as historical edge, which separate Senate republic and Roman people (Senatus Populusque Romanum) from Caesars Empire (The End of the Roman Empire by Donald Kagan, p. 92). This terror delivered a strong blow to old aristocracy: there were a lot of representatives of noble families: Aurelius, Domicius, Calpurnius, Emiluius, Scribonius, Eluis, etc. Still, even if not the terror, the old Nobiles early or later would disappear from the scene, giving place to new social forces. A new generation managed to grew in conditions of terrorist regime of Julius-Claudius, generation which will manage to determine the face of Empire. Let’s realize the meaning of â€Å"Nobiles†. The word â€Å"Nobiles† (Latin ‘nobilitas’) means noble, the best. The estate of Nobiles appeared during the war of patricians with plebs. Thanks to reforms of Servius Tuliy, in accordance with which the position of citizen was determined exclusively by property qualification, but not by belonging to some class, plebs became Roman citizens and the top of this class became nobility. Importance of Tulius constitution was also in fact that it was an important stage in development of new elite class of aristocracy – Nobiles. Common interests of land and slaves proprietors help consolidation of power class. Rich plebs and patricians are making one new class – Nobiles. So we can make important conclusion: if during the epoch of kings Senate stayed, by essence, patricians, so it becomes patrician-plebs during the Republic. Some patrician clans loose their importance and gradually disappeared. Some plebs clans, on the contrary, gained importance. Another fact is that Senate aristocracy consisted not only of plebs and patricians but also so-called â€Å"new people† (hominess novi). They were not a part Senate aristocracy and were able to gain some high positions only as exceptions. Economic basis of Nobiles-magnates was huge land-owning: Nobiles took the best lands; former lands of rulers became latifundias. Together with Italian patrimonies the rich gained big patrimonies in provinces as well. Frequent military campaigns to the other countries make rich military commanders from Senate class. They received big sums of money from provinces, the finances of Nobiles from wars and robberies of provinces were the basis for land development (Donald Kagan, et. al., The Western Heritage, vol. 1, chapter 5). Classical slave-owning were developed. The historians think that Senate oligarchy had several political means of influence the country such as: Consulate power; Appointing of dictators; Split in the environment of national tribunes; Opposition to decisions of plebs national meetings; Religion as strong support of aristocracy. Former simplicity changed by luxuriance. The next stage of struggle with regime of Senate oligarchy in the history of Republic became Caesars dictatorship. In 44 AD senate has given him a title of lifelong, eternal dictator (dictator in perpetuum), he has received also a title father of fatherland (parens patriae), a title of emperor which became part of his name, specifying connection with his army; and has been elected great pontific. Caesar has shown himself everywhere in purple clothes of triumphal accompanied by 72 leactors. Despite of dictatorship regime, traditional republican institutes were saved: a post of consul, national assembly which obeyed the orders of Caesar. The senate reorganized by dictator and consisting now of 900 person mainly his officers and even former libertines was the same. Caesar became the lifelong monarch. Bended before destiny and power of this person, writes Ploutarch, and allowed to put a bridle on them, Romans considered that individual power is rest from civil wars and other misfortunes. They have chosen him lifelong dictator. This irremovability in connection with unlimited autocracy was public tyranny (Donald Kagan, et. al., The Western Heritage, vol. 1, ch. 5). 40-ies AD were marked by violent struggle against senatorial oligarchy and formation of Second triumvirate (43 AD) for this struggle. Mark Antony, Lepide and Octavian became the triumvirers, which have received from the senate the extraordinary powers for the establishment of state (tresviri reipublicae constituendae), but in fact all these was made for struggle against republicans. Triumviri first of all acted as enemies of senatorial oligarchy, the main aim of them was destruction of old aristocracy. By Sulla’s example, they made lists of political opponents (proscription). Those repressions by quantity of victims and cruelty were much crueler then those of Sulla: they killed more then 300 senators and 2 thousand of horsemen. Cyceron was the head of opposition in Senate against triumvirs and particularly, against consul – a friend of Caesar, by whose offer Antonio was declared the enemy of fatherland. Cyceron made 14 speeches against him, accusing Antonio that he leads amoral way of life, drunkenness and debauchery; called him scoundrel, impudent, fool, coward, etc. Cyceron, the prominent Roman speaker, philosopher and political leader, was killed for his speeches. The killers brought his head to Antonio, who was finally satisfied (Donald Kagan, et. al., The Western Heritage, vol. 1, ch. 6). The Caesarians won a victory over Republicans and established an Emperor regime in January 13, year 27 – Principate – the early form of Empire with August at the head. His full name was as follows: Imperator Caesar Augustus, Divi Filius. Still, we can admit that Augustus really became the first dictator in world history to call for a nationwide plebiscite. Political system of Principate formally was based on traditional republican magistrates – the reason of it was that Senate gave to August extremely powers in order to renovate former Republic (N. Lewis M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization, I: The Republic and the Augustan Age, p. 260). But in fact all of them were now united in August’s hands, what contradicted the Republican constitution. Still, legally Senate (600 persons) was considered to be supreme governmental structure with court and legislative     functions, but it also became an obedient weapon in emperor’s hands, because Senate confirmed all propositions of his emperor. So, Seneca was right, when he exclaimed: â€Å"The Governor hided in the republican clothes!† When I studied the history of Ancient Rome, the book I liked was the book of R. Syme â€Å"Roman revolution† (1939). A.J.P. Taylor wrote that the book is a work of brilliant scholarship which can be enjoyed by the expert and the layman alike. Another estimation of Ronald Syme’s work was made by Sir Maurice Bowra who said that â€Å"his work is extraordinarily persuasive and interesting; it is the best book on Roman History that has appeared for many years†. The idea of this book is to examine transformation of Rome from Roman Republic to Empire like some kind of revolution, the main force of which was new Roman Army – armed proletariat. This book is a bright example of usage new prosophographic method of those times. This method was born in the West from the beginning of XX century. In contrast to Mommsen’s scheme, which supposed the existence of some ideological pivot in the outline of events, which determined activity of political groups, this method makes the main accent on egoistic essence of human being – subject of politics. The central theme of researches becomes not the struggle of ideas or the struggle of ideologies, but the rivalry of personal ambitions. So, this is the reason that representatives of prosophographic method have as direction of â€Å"party† war the war of family and clan groups. The scientists consider Geltzer, Muntzer and Syme to be the founders of this method. The first monograph of M. Geltzer is published in 1912 under the name â€Å"Nobiles of Roman Republic†, where the author suggests original conception, in accordance with which the Roman Nobiles consisted of Senator class and horsemen. But still, the main merit of this researcher is that he paid special attention to relative, friendly, client and other personal relations, with ‘fides’ in its basis. Developing his ideas, Geltzer criticized the conception, which was quite popular thanks to Mommzen, the idea of which was â€Å"two-party† character of political life in Rome. Ronald Syme considers that political struggle in Rome was determined not by struggle of the parties or political programs, but disputes of noble families, with admirers, which made a kind of group among the noble families, connected with them by extremely personal relations (Donald Kagan, et. al., The Western Heritage, vol. 1, ch. 6). Ronald Syme wrote other prominent words which are worthwhile to cite here: The nobiles by their ambition and their feuds, had not merely destroyed their spurious republic: they had ruined the Roman People. There is something more important than political liberty; and political rights are a means, not an end in themselves. That end is security of life and property: it could not be guaranteed by the constitution of Republican Rome. Worn and broken by civil war and disorder, The Roman people was ready to surrender the ruinous privilege of freedom and submit to strict government as the beginning of time.So order came to Rome. Acriora ex eo vincula, as Tacitus observes. Ronald Syme considers Caesar not the revolutionary, but rather an opportunist and realist because his actions and deeds, which was more conservative and much more Roman citizen, then some can him consider to be (R. Syme, The Roman Revolution, p.312); he determines Octavian as a real revolutionary leader. The most interesting, still, are conclusions made by Syme about Caesars dictatorship, his personality and character of power. Ronald Syme doesn’t see the necessity to suppose that Caesar had desire to create ellinistic monarchy. His political aims were determined by desire to liquidate consequences of civil war. He understood, of course, that government of Nobiles became anachronism in the world orb, as well as the government of Roman plebs from the moment when all Italics were able to take part in vote (Gabba, E. ‘True history and false history in classical antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 71 (1981) 50-62). But even in this position Caesar could be satisfied by dictatorship as it was; his autocratic position was forced to the great extent. In such a way Ronald Syme in his work â€Å"The Roman Revolution† gave very careful and reserved estimation or Caesar. Caesar wasn’t appraised the title of â€Å"revolutionary† even, although Syme examines the civil war after the Caesar’s death like a further intensification of revolution, and â€Å"the successor of Caesar, Octavian, is estimated as revolutionary leader. The arguments Syme uses, are often seem to be ineluctable. This conception influenced considerably the ideas and works of different scientists regarding transformation of Rome from Roman Republic to Empire. Ronald Syme writes the following about the Caesar: The rule of the nobiles, he [Caesar] could see, was an anachronism in a world-empire; and so was the power of the Roam plebs when all Italy enjoyed the franchise. Caesar in truth was more conservative and Roman that many have fancied; no Roman conceived of government save through an oligarchy. The researchers who tried to investigate the nature of problem of principate try to imagine this transformation not like simple change of political forms, but like a part of more wide social-political revolution. We mean, first of all, the theory of â€Å"Roman revolution†, which is expressed with full strength in the Syme’s work. The essence of changes, which took place in Roman government at the edge of old and new era, by opinion of English researcher, was that oligarchy of Roman Nobiles changed by other, consisted of different groups of Italian people. The principate appeared as a result of compromise between revolutionary leader, Octavian and Republican aristocracy, which lost its monopoly for power during the Civil Wars of I century before our century. This compromise, stipulated by Constitutional Agreement of AD 23, became the basis of political position of August, which was determined, besides the extremely powers, given to him by Senate and people, by the special influence of his personality (anctoritas Augusti), which had great power (Alfoldy, G. Two Principes: Augustus and Sir Ronald Syme, p.101-105). To call this system, created by August, the monarchy or not to call – by opinion of R. Syme is the matter of taste. It is important, that in fact this power was absolute, and there is no doubts and other opinions. The Republicanism of the Empire founder can be considered the fiction of historians of XIX-XX centuries: Tacit and Gybbon understood the real matter of facts more clearly then majority of the modern researchers, considers Syme (Alfoldy, G. Two Principes: Augustus and Sir Ronald Syme, p.112). Still, some historians don’t agree with Ronald Syme, who declares that the decisive role in the subsequent constitutional transformation played people who were very close to August: Vipsany Agrippa and Lyvia. Ronald Syme is sure that the relations of direct subordination between principles and proconsuls of Senate provinces are regulated only starting from the year 23. His point of view, as far as I think, is without any doubt, quite close to truth: it is not accidentally almost immediately after â€Å"regulation† of year 23 August undertakes long inspection trip at his Eastern lands. It goes without saying that Ronald Syme also divides great attention to problem of organization of public opinion in his work â€Å"The Roman Revolution† (R. Syme, The Roman Revolution, pp. 459-475). We are fully agree with conclusion of English historian, that laudation addressed to principal by Virgily, Goratio and other prominent poets of those days, cannot be considered only as usual court flattery. The poets of August government are natives of Italy. The opinions of Italian people are reflected in their creativity like in the mirror. (R. Syme, The Roman Revolution, p. 333). I think, particularly, that this work of Ronald Syme can be called one of the most important books on history of Rome. The book is written in amazing style and actually, I really think that it can change the life of person who’ll read it carefully and attentively. Let’s have a look nor for Roman problem with Suetonius’ eyes. When he published one of the most famous books â€Å"The Twelve Caesars†, Roman Empire already existed for more them 1,5 centuries. 150 years before the ancestor of dictator Caesar, Octavian became the only governor of huge Roman government. Civil wars, which took place for more then 20 years, were finished and the epoch of Roman republic finished as well. The fall of Republic was caused by a number of economic, social and political reasons. As result of long-lasting wars which lasted for more then three centuries, Rome, which once was an unpretentious city-government, subordinated almost the whole Mediterranean area. Rome managed to subordinate nations with very different level of social and cultural development: Greece, which already overcame its power, Asia, Syria, Egypt, where forms of property and exploitation, which were popular at the times of Ancient East, were combined with developed slave-owner relations. Northern Africa, Gallya, Spain, divided into plenty of regions and tribes, part of which already knew developed slavery, trade, city life, and part of which still lived in other conditions or was subordinated to kin aristocracy (JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius , p.12). So, explanation of events needs examination of facts in their connection and cooperation, where good and bad events are the reasons of the same motives. This is the way Plutarch and Tacit do, although for one of them this connection is spread for the whole Roman history, and for the other one is limited by life of one person. Estimation of events, still, needs maximum possible isolation of the fact: only in this position we’ll be able to compare it and estimate if it is good or not. This is the way Suetonius acts. He gives in his work a chain of biographies instead of consequence of events, and he proposes to the reader in each biography plenty of facts (JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius , p.13). His emperors seems to pass some kind of exam for a good governor for people who read his works, and he takes into account not the motives of their actions, but the only actions and their results. Tacit wanted to scare the reader, showing him the fatal inevitability of degeneration of the Emperor Rome; Plutarch wanted to console the reader, giving him moral examples, which they should obey and which they should avoid. Both of them wanted to touch the heart of their heroes and to find out some properties which are common for past, present and future. The history continues to live in modern time for them. Tacit feels that cruelties of former emperors can be renewed in any new governor, Plutarch knows that merits and demerits of ancient governors are still alive and will remain the example and the kind of lesson for all the times.   Suetonius doesn’t know these feelings (JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius , p.15). The contemporaneity for him already solved all questions which were accusing the past, the truth was reached and the former mistakes will never happen again: these were particulars, accidental details, which cannot be considered as common facts. So, having a look at them, he notices only the external side of events, he tries to find the features which are individual, different, unusual and bright; the peculiarity in small details is much more interesting for him, then similarity in common. To tel with other words, he aspires to interesting facts, but not to edifying ones. This is the task and this is the approach: estimation instead of explanation, a number of facts instead of chain of events, interesting facts instead of edifying. This approach determines all character of Suetonius’ biographies and in choice and place of the facts. The author is concentrated at the personality of emperor all the time. This is not the history of Empire, but a history of emperors. Suetonius doesn’t depict historical background: at best he reminds about it, supposing that all considerable events are familiar to the reader. Everything that takes place at the huge area of Empire seems to enter Suetonius’s work only by weak echo (JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius , p.16).   Events in provinces seem even don’t existing for him. Speaking about the Empire expansion he says only in few words:† so and so areas are turned into provinces†, or in better case he determines their location. (The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics) by Suetonius, Yul. 25, Tib. 16). So, the city of Rome and Emperor’s court are the focus of author’s attention.   Suetonius enumerates emperor’s building and spectacles, laws and addicts, shows relation of the governor to Senate, horsemen and nation, special attention he divides to organization of court and legal activity of the emperor. People who influence emperor and governmental affairs are in the shadow: for example, Agrippa and Mecenat are noted briefly in Augustus’ biography; in Tiberius’ biography only Sean was mentioned, and Macron wasn’t noted at all; there is no place for Seneca in Nero’s biography as well as for Nimphidius Sabin at biography of Galba; only while describing biography of Claudius, he enumerates his advisors- libertines, which considered the emperor their toy. But at the same time the figure of emperor, overshadowing all the other, is described with full details: here, in description of person, embodying the whole Roman Empire, there are no inessential details. He carefully collects facts regarding his health, character, habits, interests, way of life; personal life of the emperor seems to be integral part of his governmental activity, it opens to the reader the inclinations of governor in a simple person and allows to foreseen the features of politics with the help of character features. Besides, details of personal life of emperor, of course, allowed adding the interest to Suetonius work, which was of such great importance to the author and the readers. Suetonius writes more details about love adventures of Caesar then about conquest of Gally; he collects anecdotes of Vespassian and at the same time he doesn’t write anything about the famous resolution regarding division of power between Senate and Vespassian (JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius , p.17). The biographical scheme consists of four parts: life of emperor before he came to power, governmental activity, personal life, death and funeral. The first and last parts author use chronological scheme of events, if necessary, but the middle parts (which are dedicated to power of emperor) are completely built by logical scheme, with columns, headings and rubrics. Neque per tempora, sed per species – this is the main principle of Suetonius writing. Suetonius wasn’t an independent political philosopher. But still, his biographies are of great interest as a document of epoch, when the theory of monarchy was formed. In their details, they give full program, which should follow the leader, in case he wanted to be approved by ruling classes. Some features were the result of specific conditions; some seemed to be actual and real. This is the reason of interest to his work during the middle ages and nowadays, and thanks to this condition his work is quite popular and interesting even for modern reader. But, let’s come back to the Roman history. Variety of philosophic conceptions at the end of II and I century BC was only one demonstration of complete dissidence of nationality, which was monolithic before; this  Ã‚   dissidence took place in all spheres of culture, and first of all in interpretation of the most actual problems of Roman history for modern political struggle. In such a way, for Sallustius, the active supporter of Caesar, opponent of Senate party, Roman past was an example. But now the government fell into decay and seemed to die inevitably if some changes will not happen. The cause of decay is terrible spoiling of temper, which touched plebs as well, but the main damage caused to Nobile. So, what are the reasons of doom of the Nobiles? To tell the truth, the reason is always the same. â€Å"Often I think over the facts, writes Sallustiy,- in which way the great people achieve success and glory, how the nation raises with the help of prominent governors, which circumstances are the reasons of fall for huge countries and always I have the only one reason for all these: the same merits or the same demerits are the reason of these opposite events: all people who became winners despised the wealth, and all beaten ardently pressed toward them†. So to reach true greatness for a separate person and a government in common, is possible only by one way: to despise the wealth and physical enjoyments, to exercise in â€Å"work, patience, good events and brave actions† – it means, by way of moral perfection. These short formulas are the beginning of Sallustius’ theory of moral collapse. Nobile became corruptible, dissolute, self-interested and always been the enemy of common people, who struggled for freedom during the time of war between patricians and plebs. Some of the main reasons of doom of the Nobile can be called also two passions, two demerits, which are developed in the Roman society: desire for power, ambitions (ambitio) and desire for money, self-interest (avaritia). â€Å"Ambition made people to become liars; to have one in mind and to tell the other in words, to estimate friendly and enemy relations not by essence, but by benefit and to bemore interested in attractive appearance then in inner content† (Sallustius). The second demerit is even more dangerous for society, â€Å"because self-interest radically undermines faithfulness, honesty and other positive qualities in human being, and puts in the forefront cruelty and arrogance, it teaches people to treat the Gods without any regard and to count that you can buy everything†. Roman society once and for all was stucked in demerits and crimes. Only wealth is praised, virtue is downtrodden, poverty is the synonym of shame, and honesty seems to be almost unreliable. The youth couldn’t resist to all these and under influence of greed and luxuriance turned from one side to robberies, and from the other – to mad expenditures, forgot about shame and modesty and didn’t want to obey the laws- neither human, nor God. Rome was great until plebs and their representatives (national tribunes) remained free and strong – government became stronger thanks to its victories. The power of people and fear of strong external enemies held the Nobile in leash, but when Carthage was destroyed, this limiting beginning disappeared. The craving for power and wealth started to be shown more and more openly. Aristocracy in their aspiration for wealth ruined and corrupted by tips the nation which lost the freedom they won before. And still, there is only one factor which is still able to save Rome – nation. The task is to return freedom and power, usurped by the Nobile (P. A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic, p.65-72). Nation should realize their power, to remember that all decisions of consuls and Senate have meaning until the nation obeys them, and to act in the same manner – actively like plebses were struggling with patricians. Works Cited: Alfoldy, G. Two Principes: Augustus and Sir Ronald Syme, Athenaeum 81[71].1 (1993) Syme, The Roman Revolution (1939) The End of the Roman Empire by Donald Kagan Donald Kagan, et. al., The Western Heritage, vol. 1 (chap. 5-6) A. Brunt, The Fall of the Roman Republic (1988) Lewis M. Reinhold, Roman Civilization, I: The Republic and the Augustan Age (3 ed. Columbia University Press, 1990) The Twelve Caesars (Penguin Classics) by Suetonius, Penguin Books; Reprint edition (August 1, 1991) JOHN W. BURKE, Emblematic Scenes in Suetonius Vitellius (July, 1998) Gabba, E. ‘True history and false history in classical antiquity’, Journal of Roman Studies 71 (1981)

Containment Policy :: essays papers

Containment Policy America’s Policy of Containment was introduced by George Kennan in 1947. This policy had a few good points but many more bad points.Kennan's depiction of communism as a "malignant parasite" that had to be contained by all possible measures became the basis of the Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and National Security Act in 1947. In his Inaugural Address of January 20, 1949, Truman made four points about his "program for peace and freedom": to support the UN, the European Recovery Program, the collective defence of the North Atlantic, and a â€Å"bold new program† for technical aid to poor nations. Because of his programs, "the future of mankind will be assured in a world of justice, harmony and peace." Containment was not just a policy. It was a way of life. In 1945 the United States saw the Soviet Union as its principal ally. By 1947, it saw the Soviet Union as its principal opponent. The United States misunderstood the Soviet regime. .Despite much pretence, national security had not been a major concern of US planners and elected officials. historical records reveal this clearly. Few serious analysts took issue with George Kennan's position that "it is not Russian military power which is threatening us, it is Russian political power" ; or with President Eisenhower's consistent view that the Russians intended no military conquest of Western Europe and that the major role of NATO was to "convey a feeling of confidence to exposed populations, which was suposed to make them sturdier, politically, in their opposition to Communist inroads." the US dismissed possibilities for peaceful resolution of the Cold War conflict, which would have left the"political threat" intact. In his history of nuclear weapons, McGeorge Bundy writes that he is "aware of no serious contemporary proposal...that ballistic missiles should somehow be banned by agreement before they were ever deployed," even though these were the only potential military threat to the US. It was always the "political" threat of so-called â€Å"Communism" that was the primary concern. Of course, both the US and USSR would have preferred that the other simply disappear. But since this would obviously have involved mutual annihilation, the Cold War was established. According to the conventional Western view, the Cold War was a conflict between two superpowers, caused by Soviet aggression, in which the U.S. tried to contain the Soviet Union and protect the world from it.

Appearance vs. Reality Essay

Appearance vs. Reality is a prominent theme in The Crucible as some people are carried and blinded by appearance while others actually look at the facts, John Proctor and Elizabeth are not carried away by lies while Abigail and the rest of her friends are ignorant and spread lies. The town of Salem, Massachusetts went through a yearlong period of witch trials. A group of girls led by Abigail the reverend’s niece manipulated the people of Salem to make them believe that witchcraft was happening in Salem. It began with Mrs. Puttman wanting Tituba to conjure up spirits of her dead babies, Abigail and her cousin Betty joined in along with other girls. â€Å"She always sings her Barbados songs, and we dance.†(Act1 line102)This is when she is trying to explain to her uncle what was actually going on in the woods. They were caught by Parris, Betty became sick and the girls decided that they were going to convince everyone this was witchcraft. This led to Abigail spreading rumo rs about people she did not like in the town. â€Å"We must tell the truth Abby!†(Act1 line 318) this was Mary Warren trying to convince Abby to tell the truth. It appeared that Elizabeth was committing witchcraft because of the voodoo doll found in her house when Cheever went to her house to arrest her. â€Å"Tis’ hard proof?(To Hale)I find here a poppet Goody Proctor keeps. I have found it, sir.(Act2 lines 812) Marry Warren told her she was mentioned in court but not yet accused and she attempted to clear her name but clearly failed. She knew that Abigail just wanted to get rid of Elizabeth because she wanted John for herself. â€Å"It’s a bitter woman, a lying, cold, sniveling woman†(Act1 line138) Abby was bitter that Elizabeth had fired her from the job but it was all Abby’s fault as she was getting to close to John. She needed Elizabeth in jail or killed for that to happen. So Abigail started the rumor that Elizabeth was doing witch craft on her. â€Å"Why Abigail Williams charge her.†(Act2 lines753) and that the voodoo doll was for her, she even went as far as stabbing herself with a needle. â€Å"And in the belly of the poppet a needle’s stuck.†(Act2 Lines813) Mrs. Putman is also adding to the fire of the hysteria, she brings up her even dead babies he  makes a big deal to reverend Hale â€Å"They were murdered, Mr. Parris! And mark this proof! Mark it! Last might my Ruth were ever so close to their little spirits†(Act1 lines232) She wants everyone to believe it wasn’t a coincidence all but one of her babies died. And now Betty is sick and so she is blaming it on an unholy cause. She is representing the appearance of things. The reality is Ruth is faking being sick and maybe she wasn’t making healthy babies, enough for them to be alive and well. Another example of appearance vs. reality is when john proctor finally gives in and admits he is a witch, he goes to the court. â€Å"He’s only playin’ you! He means to hang us all!† (Act3lines 382) He realizes that the truth will set you free he confessed but later took it back because he didn’t want his name soiled in the town â€Å"I have given you my soul; leave me my name!† (Act4 lines728) He doesn’t want his children to grow up having a father with a soiled name a blackened name. He prefers to be hung rather than lie to keep his life. In conclusion Appearance and reality are too different things it is one thing to see something but another to understand it. Appearance is never enough you must know the facts before jumping to conclusions. Most of the town would be better of knowing this lesson before they got carried away with silly stories made up by bored teenagers. They should look at the facts before getting carried away with appearance.

External Factors Affecting Organizational Structure

Environment The environment is the world in which the organization operates, and includes conditions that influence the organization such as economic, social-cultural, legal-political, technological, and natural environment conditions. Environments are often described as either stable or dynamic. ? Stable environment †¢ customers' desires are well understood †¢ remains consistent for a relatively long time †¢ Examples of organizations that face relatively stable environments include manufacturers of staple items such as detergent, cleaning supplies, and paper products. mechanistic structures to be advantageous †¢ This system provides a level of efficiency that enhances the long-term performances of organizations that enjoy relatively stable operating environments ? Dynamic environment †¢ Customers' desires are continuously changing—the opposite of a stable environment †¢ This condition is often thought of as turbulent †¢ the technology that a company uses while in this environment may need to be continuously improved and updated †¢ An example of an industry functioning in a dynamic environment is electronics.Technology changes create competitive pressures for all electronics industries, because as technology changes, so do the desires of consumers. †¢ organic structure provides the greatest benefits †¢ This structure allows the organization to respond to environment change more proactively. Organizations are now increasingly designed to be more organic now days. The HR Organizational Structure has to fit to new challenges born in the external environment. All the important and influencing people speak about the changes in the business world, as the current recession seems to be one of the worst recessions ever.The way the business was done will be discontinued and new business ethics and new business rules will be born. In Recession for example HRM Organizational Structure should be as flexible as possibl e, the HRM Employees should be really aware of the needs of the organization and they should be able to help the organization to survive the recession successfully. The HRM Organizational Structure Adjustment has to be based on the detailed analysis of the needs of the organization in the recession. Companies that nurture flexibility, awareness, and resilience are more likely to survive the crisis, and even to prosper.McKinsey-2009 Technology Advances in technology are the most frequent cause of change in organizations since they generally result in greater efficiency and lower costs for the firm. Technology is the way tasks are accomplished using tools, equipment, techniques, and human know-how. By using tools, equipment and strategy, technology helps workers accomplish their core tasks at a quicker pace. If a company has the appropriate organizational structure blended with the right technology, it can attain organizational success.Joan Woodward found that the right combination of structure and technology were critical to organizational success. In her book Industrial Organization: Theory and Practice (1965), the English management scholar classified three categories of core-manufacturing technology: ? Small-batch production †¢ Used to manufacture a variety of custom, made-to-order goods. †¢ Each item is made somewhat differently to meet a customer's specifications by the skills of the workers who work together in small groups. †¢ A print shop is an example of a business that uses small-batch production. Appropriate structure for this type is decentralized and flexible †¢ It works well in organic structure ? Mass production †¢ Automated machines are used that is programmed to make high volumes of standard products. †¢ It’s used to create a large number of uniform goods in an assembly-line system. †¢ Workers are highly dependent on one another, as the product passes from stage to stage until completion. †¢ Equipm ent may be sophisticated, and workers often follow detailed instructions while performing simplified jobs. †¢Example-A company that bottles soda pop †¢ It works well in rigid structure as has routine tasks †¢ Formal structure or mechanistic structures is the best choice for workers who must perform repetitive tasks. ? Continuous-process production †¢ Create goods by continuously feeding raw materials, such as liquid, solids, and gases, through a highly automated system. †¢ Such systems are equipment intensive, but can often be operated by a relatively small labor force. †¢ Examples-automated chemical plants and oil refineries. A flexible structure is necessary to allow workers to react quickly to unexpected problems. †¢ It works well in organic structures The other Technology factor that determines organizational structure is- ?IT-Knowledge management the sharing and integrating expertise within and between functions and divisions through real time interconnected IT that allows for new kinds of task and reporting relationships. CITATION: 1. (CliffsNotes. com. Factors Affecting Organizational Design. 29 Oct 2010 . Read more:  http://www. cliffsnotes. om/WileyCDA/study_guide/Factors-Affecting-Organizational-Design. topicArticleId-8944,articleId-8881. html? citation=true#ixzz13mZtlnHJ 2. Ref- HRM Organizational Structure HRM Advice Blog Adjustments in Recession http://hrmadvice. com/blog/2008/12/30/hrm-organizational-structure-adjustments-recession/ Technology/Task Consider check processing at a bank. This activity is usually performed by a business unit that is highly formalized, has a great deal of specialization and division of labor, and high centralization of decision-making.In contrast, the creative section of an ad agency is usually not formalized at all, the division of labor is often blurry, and it is highly decentralized. It appears that certain activities naturally â€Å"go with† certain structures. Joan Wood ward found that by knowing an organization's primary system of production, you could predict their structure: Unit production/small batch. Companies that make one-of-a-kind custom products, or small quantities of products (e. g. , ship building, aircraft manufacture, furniture maker, tailors, printers of engraved wedding invitation, surgical teams). In these companies, typically, people's skills and knowledge is more important than the the machines used. †¢ Relatively expensive to operate: work process is unpredictable, hard to pre-program or automate. †¢ Flat organization (few levels of hierarchy). †¢ Ceo has low span of control (direct reports). †¢ Relatively low percentage of managers †¢ Organic structure (see  handout) Mass production/large batch. Companies that sell huge volumes of identical products (e. g. , cars, razor blades, aluminum cans, toasters). Make heavy use of automation and assembly lines.Typically, †¢ bigger than small batch †¢ Taller hierarchies †¢ bottom level is huge (supervisor span of control is 48) †¢ Relatively greater number of managers (because hierarchy is so tall) †¢ Mechanistic, bureaucratic structure †¢ Relatively cheap to operate Continuous Production. Primarily companies that refine liquids and powders (e. g. , chemical companies, oil refineries, bakeries, dairies, distilleries/breweries, electric power plants). Machines do everything,   humans just monitor the machines and plan changes. These organizations are tall and thin or even inverted pyramid: almost nobody at the bottom †¢ At the very top there is an organic structure †¢ Lower levels more mechanistic, but because machines do everything, there is not much paper work, low level supervision, etc. Chick Perrow '67 looked at how the frequency and type of exceptions that occurred during production affected structure. Two types of exceptions: (a) can be solved via orderly, analytic search process (like mecha nic fixing car), (b) no analytic framework, rely on intuition, guesswork (like advertising, film-making, fusion research).    |Few Exceptions |Many Exceptions | |Un-analyzable |pottery, specialty glass, motel room artwork; plumbing; |film making; aerospace; (non routine research) | | |computer technical support (craftwork) |tasks that no one really knows how to do: work on | | |routine work, but when problems crop up, it is hard   |intuition, implicit knowledge | | |to figure what to do | | |Analyzable |routine, like screws; (routine manufacturing) |custom machinery, building dams; (engineering | | |the few problems that occur are usually easy to |production) | | |understand |the application of well-known principles and | | | |technologies to lots of new and different | | | |situations | It turns out that bottom left organizations (analyzable and few exceptions) tend to be highly centralized and formalized — in short, bureaucracies. Bureaucracies are the best possible org anizational form when the task is well-understood, and how to best execute it can be specified in advance.At the other extreme, the top right organizations (unanalyzable and many exceptions) are not well handled by bureaucracies. There are so many exceptions and new situations that having a set of formal procedures which specify how to handle every situation is out of the question. Organizations in this box tend to be highly decentralized and use informal means of coordination and control. The reasons have to do with human bounded rationality. (Bounded rationality refers to the fact that since humans have limited brain capacity, we cannot always find the absolute optimal solution to a given problem — we only have the time and capacity to consider a few possible solutions, and choose the best among those. But we can't consider all possible solutions. Really complex systems are difficult to pre-plan: there are too many contingencies. We simply can't figure it all out. Need to a llow for real-time, flexible adjustment. Environment Adaptation Organizations actively adapt to their environments. For example, organizations facing complex, highly uncertain environments typically differentiate so that each organizational unit is facing a smaller, more certain problem. for example, if Japanese tastes in cars are quite different from American tastes, it is really hard to make a single car that appeals to both markets. It is easier to create two separate business units, one that makes cars for the Japanese market, and the other that makes cars for the US market. Natural SelectionOrganizations whose structures are not fitted to the environment (which includes other organizations, communities, customers, governments, etc. ) will not perform well and will fail. Most new organizations fail within the first few years. If the environment is stable, this selection process will lead to most organizations being well-adapted to the environment, not because they all changed th emselves, but because those that were not well-adapted will have died off. Dependence The economy is a giant network of organizations linked by buying and selling relationships. Every company has suppliers (inputs) and customers (outputs). Every company is dependent on both their suppliers and their customers for resources and money.To the extent that a company needs it's suppliers less than they need it, the company has power. That is, power is a function of asymmetric mutual dependence. Dependence is itself a function of the availability of alternative supply. A depends on B to the extent that there are few alternatives to B that are available to A. Dependence is also a function of how much A needs what B has got. If the Post It's company starts to play hardball with you, and there are no good alternatives, it's still not a big deal because Post It's are just not that important. Organizations that have power over others are able to impose elements of structure on them.For example, GM is famous for imposing accounting systems, cost controls, manufacturing techniques on their suppliers. The sets of entities in an organization's environment that play a role in the organization's health and performance, or which are affected by the organization, are called  stakeholders. Stakeholders have interests in what the organization does, and may or may not have the power to influence the organization to protect their interests. Stakeholders are varied and their interests may coincide on some issues and not others. Therefore you find stakeholders both cooperating with each other in alliances, and competing with each other. [pic] Figure 1. Unconnected stakeholders.When stakeholders are unconnected to each other (as in Figure 1), the organization usually has an easier time of playing the different parties off one another. For example, it can represent its goals and needs differently to each stakeholder, without fear of being found out. Or, such competitive stakeholders in to outbidding each other (e. g. , a university can tel one alumnus that another alumnus is about to give a huge donation). Furthermore, when the stakeholders are unconnected, they cannot coordinate their efforts, and so have trouble controlling the organization. [pic] Figure 2. Well-connected stakeholders. In contrast, when the stakeholders are well-connected (as in Figure 2), the organization cannot represent itself differently to each one, or it will be found out.Furthermore, if the bonds among the stakeholders are closer than the bonds with the organization, the stakeholders may side with each other against the organization, and won't act in ways that negatively affect other stakeholders. Institutionalization Under conditions of uncertainty, organizations imitate others that appear to be successful. In other words, if nobody really knows what makes a movie successful, and then somebody has a blockbuster hit, everybody else copies the movie, and the organizational structure that p roduced the movie, hoping that they will get the same results. This can cause whole industries to adopt similar structural features. One reason why this happens is the fear of litigation or simply blame.If several well-known, successful companies start adopting some new management style — say, self-governing teams — and you don't because you know its not appropriate for your company, and then things start to go wrong for your company, people will say ‘see? you should have adopted self-governing teams. we told you so'. So to avoid that, if the top companies in a field all adopt some new style, then all the others do to to avoid being blamed. In addition, diffusion of ideas due to personnel transfer and professional school training can create uniformity as well.Ref:Organizational Theory:Determinants of Structure Stephen P. Borgatti October 08, 2001 http://www. practical-management. com/Organization-Development/Organization-s-External-Environment. html